Lets start at the head.

Tuning keys: What you tune your strings with.
Truss Rod Cover: The cover that covers the truss rod that adjusts the neck.

Moving down towards the neck.

Fret Marker: Fret number indacator, starts at 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, so and so on
Frets: Frets are the little bars along the neck that create the sound.

Moving down to the body.

Pickup selector or "Toggle switch": Changes from pick up to pick up, giving different sounds.
Front Pickup: Front Pickup.
Back Pickup: Back Pickup.
Fingerplate, or "Pick Guard": Helps to prevent scraches from your pick.
Volume control for front pickup: The volume adjustment for the front pickup.
Volume control for back pickup:The volume adjustment for the back pickup.
Tone control for front pickup: The Tone adjustment for the front pickup.
Tone control for back pickup: The Tone adjustment for the back pickup.
Output socket: Where you plug your cord into, from amp, computer, preamp, ect.
Tail Piece: Holds the strings inplace.

Most of this is comon sence, wether my discriptions are 100% correct, is another story.